Depression and Bipolar Disorder

What is depression?

Depression is one of the most common mental health conditions experienced worldwide. It can be debilitating and interfere with many aspects of day-to-day functioning: school, work, self-care, and interpersonal relationships.

Depression typically presents as a consistently low mood and lack of pleasure in activities you typically enjoy. It also includes a mix of different symptoms:

• feeling more tired than usual
• sleeping more or less than usual
• eating more or less than usual
• feeling bad about yourself
• having difficulty concentrating
• having thoughts that you may be better off dead or hurting yourself

It is very important to speak with a healthcare provider if you are feeling this way.

Types of depression

It is critical to differentiate between the different forms of the mood disorder. While the symptoms of depression are similar for the various depressive conditions, the timeframe and timelines differ.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

you experience a persistent low mood and disinterest in regular day-to-day activities. The low mood is severe and typically comes in episodes of at least two weeks. The episodes come and go, separated by periods of at least 2 months.

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)

The symptoms are not as severe as MDD and do not come in waves. It is a persistent condition that exists at a low level at all times, for a period of at least 2 years.

Postpartum Depression (PPD)

is typically also diagnosed based on the time in which is is experienced. PPD is a period of depression that occurs after the birth of a new baby. It’s normal to feel a wide range of emotions after the birth of your child, but when this is a severely low mood and does not go away after a few weeks, it is often considered to be postpartum depression.

Seasonal Affected Disorder (SAD)

SAD is a form of depression that comes and goes based on the time of year and changing of the seasons. Fall-onset SAD is the most common and presents as decreased mood as the weather gets colder and it gets dark earlier in the day.

Treatment options

Depression can be managed by lifestyle changes, talk therapy, and/or medication management.

The lifestyle changes include eating a balanced diet, regular exercise, adequate sleep, managing stress, and maintaining your interpersonal relationships.

Talk therapy include IPT, which focuses on strengthening interpersonal relationships, as well as CBT, which focuses on recognizing thought patterns and changing resulting behaviours. Speak with your healthcare provider about which treatments are best for you.

Medications

There are five major classes of antidepressants, all of which have their differences; advantages and disadvantages. Learn more about the medications in each of these drug classes below:

• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): escitalopram, paroxetine, sertraline, citalopram, fluoxetine
• Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs): duloxetine, venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine
• Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs): amitriptyline, nortriptyline
• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs): isocarboxazid, phenelzine
• Atypical antidepressants: mirtazapine, bupropion, trazadone